War of the Second Coalition

The "Second Coalition" (1798–1802) was the second attempt by European monarchs, led by Austria and Russia, to contain or eliminate Revolutionary France. They formed a new alliance and attempted to roll back France's previous conquests. Austria and Russia raised fresh armies for campaigns in Germany and Italy in 1799.

In the summer of 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte led an expedition to Egypt. Meanwhile during his absence from Europe, the outbreak of violence in Switzerland drew French support against the old Swiss Confederation. When revolutionaries overthrew the Canton governments in Bern, a French army moved into Switzerland, ostensibly to support the Swiss republicans. In northern Italy, Russian general Aleksandr Suvorov won a string of victories driving the French under Moreau out of the Po Valley, and forcing them back on the French Alps and the coast around Genoa. However, the Russian armies in the Helvetic Republic (Switzerland) were defeated by André Masséna, and Suvorov's army was eventually withdrawn; ultimately the Russians withdrew from the Coalition when Britain insisted on the right to search all vessels it stopped at sea. In Germany, Archduke Charles of Austria drove the French under Jean-Baptiste Jourdan back across the Rhine, and won several victories in Switzerland. Jourdan was replaced by Massena, who then combined the Armies of the Danube and Helvetia.

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